Showing posts with label johann sebastian bach. Show all posts
Showing posts with label johann sebastian bach. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 17, 2025

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. I cinquecento anni del genio che abbagliò Bach e Beethoven

È stato il primo grande compositore italiano, il massimo del suo secolo, l’inventore della musica sacra. Un che tutti i giganti successivi hanno amato e hanno dovuto studiare

di Mauro Suttora

Huffingtonpost.it, 17 dicembre 2025

Cinquecento anni fa, il 17 dicembre 1525, nasceva Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Il primo grande compositore musicale italiano, il maggiore del mondo nel suo secolo, l’inventore della musica sacra che ancor oggi rende maestose le messe della cattolicità. Insuperato fino all’avvento di Claudio Monteverdi, fondatore della musica barocca.

Palestrina è un paese a pochi chilometri da Roma, dove duemila anni fa l’imperatore Augusto amava soggiornare. A 19 anni, Pierluigi diventa organista nella cattedrale del paese e maestro del coro dei ragazzini. La sua fortuna è che sei anni dopo il vescovo di Palestrina diventa papa col nome di Giulio III, e lo chiama a Roma a dirigere il coro della cappella Giulia, il secondo più importante dopo quello della cappella Sistina: il primo canta (tuttora) durante le funzioni a San Pietro, il secondo solo in quelle con la presenza del papa.

Nel 1555 il papa lo ammette fra i cantori della Sistina, ma senza il loro consenso. E questa volta sfortuna vuole che Giulio III muoia dopo poche settimane, cosicché Palestrina deve dimettersi, e per sbarcare il lunario va a dirigere i cori di San Giovanni in Laterano e poi di Santa Maria Maggiore.

Nel frattempo però la sua attività compositiva esplode, e la sua fama si sparge in tutta Europa. È assai prolifico: 105 messe, 300 mottetti, 140 madrigali e altri 200 fra offertori, inni, magnificat, litanie e lamentazioni. Attività redditizia grazie alla stampa delle sue opere, che circolano presso ogni corte. Lo apprezzano in particolare i Gonzaga di Mantova, ma Palestrina non lascerà mai la sua Roma. Torna a dirigere la Giulia fino alla morte a 69 anni, si esibisce in tutte le occasioni importanti come l’erezione dell’obelisco di San Pietro.

La caratteristica fondamentale di Palestrina è la “polifonia”. I cori con più linee melodiche che si intersecano magicamente rischiarono grosso durante il concilio di Trento, che voleva tornare alle scarne monodie del canto gregoriano. Questo perché la ricca musica polifonica spesso non permette di distinguere le singole parole della messa latina. Ma alla fine Palestrina riuscì a salvare la polifonia, anche grazie al suo capolavoro: la messa in onore di papa Marcello II, che nel 1555 regnò per sole tre settimane prima di morire.

Il fantastico stile contrappuntistico di Palestrina è stato studiato – e qualcuno dice copiato – da Johann Sebastian Bach. E tutti i grandi lo hanno ammirato, da Beethoven a Brahms, da Wagner a Verdi. Insomma, un gigante della musica sacra, le cui messe mezzo millennio dopo vengono ancora cantate nelle cattedrali di tutto il pianeta. 

Thursday, May 05, 1977

Rock and baroque music

Madison (Connecticut), May 1977

Daniel Hand High School

Graduation dissertation

by Mauro Suttora

I believe that music, like all arts, affects and is affected by the social environment in which it is created. Although the genius of a musician is something that goes beyond time and space: that's what is meant when we say that a music piece is immortal. I think therefore it's useful to investigate music from a sociological point of view, trying to grasp the ideas behind the music.

Music is not something technical, with a history of his own, apart from the world: it is influenced by the political social and economic happenings of its time, and sometimes it reflects them very clearly. A Marxist would say that, music being a superstructure, it is dependent from the economic situation, which is the structure that makes every superstructure possible.

Too often, when we listen to music, especially old music (old in the sense that it was not composed 3 or 10 years ago, but 30, 100, 300 years ago), we are interested in the "form" of music, and not in its substance. I think music is only a medium to express ideas, and every single piece of music has an underlying idea which could also be expressed in poetry, in painting, or in theatre.

In the case of "program music", finding the ideas behind is not very complicated. The problems begin when we listen to something and, without any background, we throw our little estethic judgement in term: I like it, I don't; sounds boring, sounds exciting, makes me nervous, evokes in me a feeling of joy, etc.

These are all irrational, superficial, personal and subjective judgements, and they all imply that music was composed only for music's sake. Nothing is composed for music's sake, not even the silliest "disco" record of our days. Behind, let's say, Disco Duck, there are clear purposes: selling records, make a profit, make people dancing to the rythm of this song, and so on.

Wanting to be very politica, one could even say that Disco Duck was a drug given by the system to the young people, to keep them from doing things more serious and dangerous to the status quo, like reading books, or listening to other music, like folk or protest music.

I will now dive into the era of baroque. The baroque era (1600-1750) corresponds in religion to the Counter-reform of the Catholic church (the answer to the Protestant reform), in politics to the triumph of absolutisms and the consolidation of national states, and in economics to the rise of mercantilism and the bourgeoisie.

During absolutism there was virtual identity beteween Church and State: this connection is best exemplified by famous cardinal Richelieu, who held tremendous political power in France. Both these institutions used the arts as a mean to represent their power.

So, display of splendor was one of the main social functions of music for the church and the baroque courts. Like all baroque arts, music too was bound socially to the aristocracy; both the nobility and the clergy served as patrons. In Venice, where there was a republic, the state paid musicians.

Having a musician was a status-symbol for the noblemen. Consistent with the predominantly private organization of musical life (although there were some sorts of musicians' unions), the social position of the musician was in principle dependent on a patron, a sponsor.

Self-supporting composers who made their living from proceeds of their music, which is now the norm, did not exist then. The dependence on an aristocratis patron put the musician in the servant class. Like bakers and tailors, he had to wear livery, and had to come up with one new dance for every weekend, for the luxurious parties his patron held.

The same goes for musicians dependent on the Church: Johann Sebastian Bach had to deliver one new chorale every Sunday. Today, in a way, it's just the same: the Rolling Stones just signed a contract for six Lp's in five years.

(...)